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Global carbon budget 2021
Friedlingstein, P.; Jones, M.W.; O'Sullivan, M.; Andrew, R.M.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Hauck, J.; Le Quéré, C.; Peters, G.P.; Peters, W.; Pongratz, J.; Sitch, S.; Canadell, J.G.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R.B.; Alin, S.R.; Anthoni, P.; Bates, N.R.; Becker, M.; Bellouin, N.; Bopp, L.; Trang Chau, T.T.; Chevallier, F.; Chini, L.P.; Cronin, M.; Currie, K.I.; Decharme, B.; Djeutchouang, L.M.; Dou, X.; Evans, W.; Feely, R.A.; Feng, L.; Gasser, T.; Gilfillan, D.; Gkritzalis, T.; Grassi, G.; Gregor, L.; Gruber, N.; Gürses, Ö.; Harris, I.; Houghton, R.A.; Hurtt, G.C.; Iida, Y.; Ilyina, T.; Luijkx, I.T.; Jain, A.; Jones, S.D.; Kato, E.; Kennedy, D.; Goldewijk, K.K.; Knauer, J.; Korsbakken, J.I.; Kortzinger, A.; Landschützer, P.; Lauvset, S.K.; Lefèvre, N.; Lienert, S.; Liu, J.; Marland, G.; McGuire, P.C.; Melton, J.R.; Munro, D.R.; Nabel, J.E.M.S.; Nakaoka, S.; Niwa, Y.; Ono, T.; Pierrot, D.; Poulter, B.; Rehder, G.; Resplandy, L.; Robertson, E.; Rödenbeck, C.; Rosan, T.M.; Schwinger, J.; Schwingshackl, C.; Séférian, R.; Sutton, A.J.; Sweeney, C.; Tanhua, T.; Tans, P.P.; Tian, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Tubiello, F.; van der Werf, G.R.; Vuichard, N.; Wada, C.; Wanninkhof, R.; Watson, A.J.; Willis, D.; Wiltshire, A.J.; Yuan, W.; Yue, C.; Yue, X.; Zaehle, S.; Zeng, J. (2022). Global carbon budget 2021. ESSD 14(4): 1917-2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
In: Earth System Science Data. Copernicus: Göttingen. ISSN 1866-3508; e-ISSN 1866-3516
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
    Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee: Open access 377803 [ download pdf ]
Authors  Top 
  • Friedlingstein, P.
  • Jones, M.W.
  • O'Sullivan, M.
  • Andrew, R.M.
  • Bakker, D.C.E.
  • Hauck, J.
  • Le Quéré, C.
  • Peters, G.P.
  • Peters, W.
  • Pongratz, J.
  • Sitch, S.
  • Canadell, J.G.
  • Ciais, P.
  • Jackson, R.B.
  • Alin, S.R.
  • Anthoni, P.
  • Bates, N.R.
  • Becker, M.
  • Bellouin, N.
  • Bopp, L.
  • Trang Chau, T.T.
  • Chevallier, F.
  • Chini, L.P.
  • Cronin, M.
  • Currie, K.I.
  • Decharme, B.
  • Djeutchouang, L.M.
  • Dou, X.
  • Evans, W.
  • Feely, R.A.
  • Feng, L.
  • Gasser, T.
  • Gilfillan, D.
  • Gkritzalis, T.
  • Grassi, G.
  • Gregor, L.
  • Gruber, N.
  • Gürses, Ö.
  • Harris, I.
  • Houghton, R.A.
  • Hurtt, G.C.
  • Iida, Y.
  • Ilyina, T.
  • Luijkx, I.T.
  • Jain, A.
  • Jones, S.D.
  • Kato, E.
  • Kennedy, D.
  • Goldewijk, K.K.
  • Knauer, J.
  • Korsbakken, J.I.
  • Kortzinger, A.
  • Landschützer, P.
  • Lauvset, S.K.
  • Lefèvre, N.
  • Lienert, S.
  • Liu, J.
  • Marland, G.
  • McGuire, P.C.
  • Melton, J.R.
  • Munro, D.R.
  • Nabel, J.E.M.S.
  • Nakaoka, S.
  • Niwa, Y.
  • Ono, T.
  • Pierrot, D.
  • Poulter, B.
  • Rehder, G.
  • Resplandy, L.
  • Robertson, E.
  • Rödenbeck, C.
  • Rosan, T.M.
  • Schwinger, J.
  • Schwingshackl, C.
  • Séférian, R.
  • Sutton, A.J.
  • Sweeney, C.
  • Tanhua, T.
  • Tans, P.P.
  • Tian, H.
  • Tilbrook, B.
  • Tubiello, F.
  • van der Werf, G.R.
  • Vuichard, N.
  • Wada, C.
  • Wanninkhof, R.
  • Watson, A.J.
  • Willis, D.
  • Wiltshire, A.J.
  • Yuan, W.
  • Yue, C.
  • Yue, X.
  • Zaehle, S.
  • Zeng, J.
Abstract
    Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress.
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